Gc/ms analysis, in vitro antisalmonellal activity and mechanism of action ethanol leaves extract of dissotis thollonii cogn. (melastomataceae) against some pathogenic salmonella sp.
Keywords:
Gc/ms analysis, salmonella, melastomataceaeAbstract
Background: Salmonella spp, which is a group of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the Cameroon as well as in many part of the world, plants are used for the treatment of various diseases such as typhoid fever. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro anti-salmonella activity and the mechanisms of action of the ethanol extract of Dissotis thollonii against some Salmonella sp. Methods: The microdilution technique was used to determine MIC and MBC whereas gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify some components of the ethanol extract. The antibacterial mechanism of this extract on Salmonella Typhi (ATCC 6539) was systematically investigated by examining its effect on macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein) synthesis, the time kill assay and bacteriolysis assay. Results: The ethanol extract of Dissotis thollonii showed MICs ranging from 64 to 256 μg/mL. This extract induced lysis of S. Typhi ATCC6539 and the time-kill assay revealed a reduction of about 4log10 of the total number of CFU ml-1. Additionally, the quantity of bacterial protein, DNA and RNA decreased significantly after treatment with this extract. GC/MS revealed the presence of 7 compounds, identified using NIST library. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the antisalmonellal potential of ethanolic extract of D. thollonii is mainly caused by inhibition of bacterial macromolecule synthesis (DNA, RNA and protein).
References
Krieg NR, Holt JG. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Volume 1) Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-04108-8, Baltimore, USA; 1984.
Fink SL and Cookson BT. Pyroptosis and host cell death responses during Salmonella infection. Cellular Microbiology. 2007; 9(11): 2562–2570.
Gatsing D, Nkeugouapi CFN, Nji-Nkah BF, Kuiate JR, Tchouanguep FM. Antibacterial activity, bioavailability and acute toxicity evaluation the leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae). Int J Pharmacol. 2010;6: 173–82.
WHO. Weekly epidemiological record. Typhoid fever surveillance and vaccine use, South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions, 2009–2013. 2014; 89: 429-440.
Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health. 2004. 82: 346 –35.
Madhulika U, Harish BN, Parija SC. Current pattern in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Pondicherry. Ind J Med Res. 2004; 120: 111-114.
Lakshmi V, Ashok R, Susmita J, Shailaja VV. Changing trends in the antibiograms of Salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad. Ind J Med Microbio. 2006. 24(1): 45-48.
Mule GD, Waghode SM, Garode AM. Antibacterial activity of stem bark of olarrhena a with ntidysenterica wall against human pathogenic bacteria. Int. J. Bioassays. 2013. 02(05): 817-818.
Loigier HA. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent islands. Spermaphyta. 1994; 13.
Ateufack Gilbert, Tadjoua Tchoumbou Herve, Yousseu Nana William, Sama Fonkeng Leonard, Kuiate Jules-Roger, Kamanyi Albert. Antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic leaves extracts of Dissotis thollonii Cogn. (Melastomataceae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4(Suppl 2): S672-S678
Paul Keilah Lunga, Jean de Dieu Tamokou, Simeon PC Fodouop, Jules-Roger Kuiate, Joseph Tchoumboue, Donatien Gatsing. Antityphoid and radical scavenging properties of the methanol extracts and compounds from the aerial part of Paullinia pinnata. SpringerPlus. 2014; 3:302 1-9.
Mativandlela SPN, Lall N, Meyer JJM. Antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular activity of Pelargoniumreniforme (CURT) and Pelargoniumsidoides (DC) (Geraniaceae) root extracts. South Afr. J. Bot. 2006; 72: 232–237.
Limsuwan S, Voravuthikunchai SP. Bactericidal, Bacteriolytic, and antibacterial virulence activities of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb) Schltr extract against Streptococcus pyogenes. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 12(6): 1023-1028.
NCCLS. Methods for determining bactericidal activity of antimicrobial agents: approved guideline M26-A.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA. 1999.
Petersen PJ, Jones CH, Bradford PA. In vitro antibacterial activities of tigecycline and comparative agents by time-kill kinetic studies in fresh Mueller-Hinton broth. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2007; 59: 347–349.
Carson Christine F, Mee Brian J, Riley Thomas V. Mechanism of Action ofMelaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and Salt Tolerance Assays and Electron Microscopy. Antimicrobialagents and Chemotherapy. 2002; 1914–1920.
Kuete V. Potential of cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med. 2010 ; 76:1479–91.
Carbonnelle B, Denis F, Marmonier A, Pinon G, Vague R. Bactériologie Médicale: Techniques Usuelles. SIMEP: Paris. 1987.
Chawawisit K, Bhoopong P, Phupong W, Lertcanawanichakul M. Anti-MRSA activity, Mode of Action and Cytotoxicity of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol Produced by Streptomyces sp. KB1. Inter. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2015; 35(1): 114-119.
Varsha KK, Devendra L, Shilpa G, Priya S, Pandey A, Nampoothiri KM. 2,4 -Di-tert-butyl phenol as the antifungal, antioxidant bioactive purified from a newly isolated Lactococcus sp. Int. J. Food. Micro. 2015; 211: 44-50.
Febrina Rahmayanti, Dewi Fatma Suniarti, Zainal Alim Masud, Yuniardini S Wimardhani, Gus Permana Subita. Phytochemical Compounds of Garcinia Mangostana-Linn Pericarp Fractions from Ethanolic Extract. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 2017; 10(1): 48-51.
Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am. J. Med. 2006; 119: S3-S10.
Horne DS, Holm M, Oberg C, Chao S, Young D. G. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils on Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2001; 13: 387–392.
Denyer SP, Hugo WB. Biocide-induced damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. In Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Biocides: their Study and Exploitation Denyer SP, Hugo WB (eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications : Oxford, United Kingdom. 1991; 171–187.
Neu HC., Thomas D. Gootz. Chapter 11Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In Medical Microbiology (4th edition) Samuel Baron (ed). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston : Galveston, Texas. 1996.
Drlica K. Mechanism of fluoroquinolone action. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 1999; 2: 504–508.
Nono RN,.Barboni L, Teponno RB,.Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Lupidi G, Tapondjou AL. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and phytoconstituents of extracts from the roots of Dissotis thollonii Cogn. (Melastomataceae). South African Journal of Botany. 2014; 93: 19-26.
