Bio-Functional Aspects of Grape Seeds-A Review
Keywords:
Grapes, Grape seeds, Polyphenols, procyanidins, viniferonesAbstract
Grapes are one of the most widely consumed fruits all over the world and have considerable importance for their medicinal and nutritive value for thousand of years. Grapes are rich in polyphenols and 60- 70 % of grapes polyphenols exist in grape seeds. The seeds contain lipid, proteins, carbohydrates and 5-8 % polyphenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds present in grape seeds are flavonoids including gallic acid, flavan-3-ol monomers and their oligomeric and polymeric derivatives (procyanidins). The most abundant flavan-3-ol monomers isolated from grape seeds are Catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate. Three novel flavan oxidative derivatives named viniferones A, B and C have also been isolated from grape seeds. The grape seeds are chiefly known for their significant antioxidant properties. Scientific studies have claimed that the antioxidant potential of grape seeds proanthocyanidins is 20 times greater than vitamin E and 50 times greater than vitamin C. Grape seeds polyphenolic (Proanthocyanidin) extract have been marketed in France for decades as treatment for venous and capillary disorders (e.g., retinopathies, venous insufficiency, and vascular fragility. Recent studies have shown that procyanidins in grape seeds possess antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic effects and prevent heart diseases and skin aging. The high purity grape seed extract should contain polyphenols NLT 95% and monomers NLT 10%; and the grape seed extract with ordinary quality should have a procyanidolic value NLT 95%, and monomer NLT 6%.
References
Bird RS. NCR: Grape seed extract.
http://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/i
ngredients/grape-seed-extract-conditionerextraordinaire
Porter LJ. 1993. Flavans and
Proanthocyanidins. In the Flavonoids:
Advances in research since 1986, J.B.
Harborne (ed.). Chapman & Hall, London.
(1993).
Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn R, Bagchi M,
Tran MX, Stohs SJ. Oxygen free radical
scavenging abilities of vitamin C and E and
a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in
vitro. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol.
Pharmacol. 1997; 95: 179–189.
Toukairin T, Uchino K, Iwamoto M. New
polyphenolic 5'-nucleotidase inhibitors
isolated from the wine grape "Koshu" and
their biological effects. Chem Pharm Bull.
(Tokyo). 1991; 39: 1480-1483.
El-Alfy AT, Ahmed AA, Fatani AJ.
Protective effect of red grape seeds
proanthocyanidins against induction of
diabetes by alloxan in rats. Pharmacol Res.
; 52:264-270.
Maffei FR, Carini M, Aldini G, Berti F,
Rossoni G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P.
Procyanidines from Vitis vinifera seeds
protect rabbit heart from
ischemia/reperfusion injury: antioxidant
intervention and/or iron and copper
sequestering ability. Planta Med. 1996; 62:
-502.
Corbe C, Boissin JP, Siou A. Light vision
and chorioretinal circulation. Study of the
effect of procyanidolic oligomers. J. Fr.
Ophthalmol. 1988; 11: 453–460.
El-Mallah MH, Murui T. Local food
industries by-products. Part 1. Grape seeds
(muskat), wheat germ and deodorization
distillates of cottonseed oil. Seifen-OeleFette-Wachse. 1993; 119: 45.
Murray M, Pizzorno J. Encyclopedia of
Natural Medicine. Edn 2, Rocklin CA:
Prima Publishing; 1998.
Kritikar KR, Basu BP. Illustrated Indian
Medicinal Plants. Revised Edn.3. Dehradun,
International book distributor. 1987; 847-
Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. Vitis vinifera
L. Fitoterapia. 1995; 66(4): 291-317.
Goldberg DM. Beyond alcohol: Beverage
consumption and cardiovascular mortality.
Clinica Chimica Acta. 1995; 237(1-2): 155-
Jang M. Cancer chemopreventive activity of
resveratrol, a natural product derived from
grapes. Science. 1997; 275: 218-20.
Wholehealthmd.com (2000). Grape seed
extract. Supplements. Website. Available
at: http://www.
Wholehealthmd.com/reshelf/substancesview. Accessed on July 7, 2007.
Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y.
Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry
and functionality. Journal of Medicinal
Food. 2003; 6(4): 291-9.
Polyphenolics, Inc. Technical Publication I.
com/research/research.htm (accessed April
.
Silva RC, Rigaud J, Cheynier V, Chemina
A. Procyanidin dimmers and trimers from
grape seeds. Phytochemistry. 1991; 30:
–1264.
Prieur C, Rigaud J, Cheynier V, Moutounet
M. Oligmeric and polymeric procyanidins
from grape seeds. Phytochemistry. 1994;
: 781–784.
Fan P, Lou H, Yu W, Ren - aff1 D, Ma B, Ji
M. Tetrahedron Letters. 2004; 45(15):
-3166.
Bartolome B, Hernandez T, Bengoechea
ML, Quesada C, Gomez-Cordoves C and
Estrella I. Determination of some structural
features of procyanidins and related
compounds by photodiode-array detection.
J. Chromatogr. A, 1996; 723: 19–26.
Thorngate JH, Singleton LT. Localization
of procyanidins in grape seeds. Am J Enol
Vitic 1994; 45: 259–262.
Kovac V, Bourzeix M, Heredia N, Alonso
E. Jug. Vinogr Vinarst 1991; 25: 10–15.
Revilla E, Escalona JM, Alonso E, Kovac
V. The phenolic composition of table
grapes. In: Food Flavors: Generation,
Analysis and Process Influence
(Charalambous G.,ed.), Elsevier Science
Publishers, Amsterdam, 1995, pp. 132–141.
Fuleki T, Silva RDJM. Catechin and
procyanidin composition of seeds from
grape cultivars grown in Ontario. J Agric
Food Chem. 1997; 45: 1156–1160.
Shao YD, Gao WY, Su YF, Xiao PG. The
quality specification of grape seed extract.
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005;
(18): 1406-1408.
Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, Bagchi M,
Bagchi DJ, Balmoori J, Stohs SJ. Protective
effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and
selected antioxidants against TPA-induced
hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and
DNA fragmentation and peritoneal
macrophage activation in mice. Gen.
Pharmacol. 1998; 30: 771–776.
Munier MT. Planta medicin et Phytotherar.
; 23: 267.
Ray SD, Kumar MA, Bagchi D. A novel
proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract
increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression and
prevents acetaminophen-induced
programmed and unprogrammed cell death
in mouse liver. Arch Biochem Biophys.
; 369: 42-58.
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohls SJ, Das DK,
Ray SD, Kuszynski CA, Joshi SS. H.G.
Preuss. Free redicals and grape seed
Proanthocyanidin extract: importance in
human health and disease prevention.
Toxicology. 2000; 148(2-3): 187-97.
Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. Alcoholinduced lipid peroxidation is inhibited in
vivo by grape seed extract. Fitoterapia.
; 66(4): 291-317.
Karthikeyan K, Bai BR, Devaraj SN.
Cardioprotective effect of grape seed
proanthocyanidins on isoproterenol-induced
myocardial injury in rats. Int J Cardiol.
; 115: 326-333. Epub 2006 Jul 7.
Siva B. Effect of grape seed extract on
blood pressure in patients with the
metabolic syndrome [abstract]. The 231st
American Chemical Society Meeting &
Exposition. March 26-30, 2006; Atlanta,
GA. AGFD 4.
Sano T, Oda E, Yamashita T. Antithrombotic effect of proanthocyanidin, a
purified ingredient of grape seed. Thromb
Res. 2005; 115: 115-121.
Dulundu E, Ozel Y, Topaloglu U, Toklu H,
Ercan F, Gedik N, Sener G. Grape seed
extract reduces oxidative stress and fibrosis
in experimental biliary obstruction. J
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 22(6): 885-92.
Valls-Belles V, Torres MC, Beltran S,
Martinez-Alvarez JR. Deffated milled grape
seed extract protects adriamycin-treated
hepatocytes against oxidative damage. Eur J
Nutr. 2006; 45(5): 251-8.
Ballu M, Sangeetha P, Murali G,
Panneerselvam C. Age-related oxidative
protein damages in central nervous system
of rats: modulatory role of grape seed
extract. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2005;
(6):501-7.
Sreemantula S, Nammi S, Kolanukonda R,
Koppula S, Boini KM. Adaptogenic and
nootropic activities of aqueous extract of
Vitis vinifera (grape seed): an experimental
study in rat model. 2005; 195: 1.
Kim H, Deshane J, Barnes S, Meleth S.
Proteomics analysis of the actions of grape
seed extract in rat brain: technological and
biological implications for the study of the
actions of psychoactive compounds. Life
Sci. 2006; 78(18): 2060-2065.
Vogels, Nijs IM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS.
The effect of grape seed extract on 24 h
energy intake in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr.
; 58(4): 667-73.
Moreno DA, Ilic N, Poulev A, Brasaemle
DL, Fried SK, Raskin I, 2003. Inhibitory
effects of grape Seed extact on lipases.
Nutrition. 19(10); 876-9.
Liu YN, Shen XN, Yao GY. Effects of
grape seed proanthocyanidins extracts on
experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006; 35(6): 703-705
Pinent M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L,
Ardevol A. Metabolic fate of glucose on
T3-L1 adipocytes treated with grape seedderived procyanidin extract (GSPE).
Comparison with the effects of insulin. J
Agri Food Chem. 2005; 53(15): 5932-5935.
Bagchi D, Ray SD, Bagchi M, Preuss HG,
Stohl SJ. Mechanistic pathways of
antioxidant cytoprotection by a novel IH636
grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Indian
J Exp Biol. 2002; 40(6): 717-726.
Toukairin T, Uchino K, Iwamoto M. New
polyphenolic 5'-nucleotidase inhibitors
isolated from the wine grape "Koshu" and
their biological effects. Chem Pharm Bull.
(Tokyo). 1991; 39: 1480-1483.
Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Burke
V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. The combination
of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols
increases blood pressure: a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J
Hypertens. 2005; 23: 427-434.
Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kotaoka S, Kikuchi M.
Safety evaluation of Proanthocyanidin rich
extract from grape seeds. Food Chem Toxicol.
; 40: 599-607.
