Antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of a recipe used in traditional medicine for the treatment of high blood pressure
Keywords:
Antioxidant, acute toxicity, traditional medicineAbstract
The use of recipes using herbs in the treatment of high blood pressure is quite common in Cote d’Ivoire. Among these recipes, a decoction of a mixture of plants called “Tanopati” is one of the most commonly used. The objective of this study is to determine the chemical constituents, evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity and acute toxicity in mice of lyophilized extract of “Tanopati” recipe. The phytochemical constituents of ‘Tanopati” was determined by the use of common tests related to flavonoids, tannins, leuco- anthocyanins, anthracenosids, terpenoids, steroid and saponins. We have also quantified the total polyphenolics compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids by aluminum trichloride reagent and condensed tannins by a method using iron trichloride. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH test and an acute toxicity test was performed in mice for the determination of Letal dose 50 (LD 50) of “Tanopati”. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, leuco-anthocyanin, anthracenosids, terpenoids, steroid and saponins. The quantitative determination of total polyphenols (232 µg EGA/mg), total flavonoids (58.48 µg EQ/mg) and condensed tannins (80,5 µg EC/mg ) showed that “Tanopati” contained a significant amount of phenolic compounds. The reduction of DPPH radicals (IC50= 28 µg/mL) and the capacity to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions showed a considerable antioxidant activity of “Tanopati”. Acute toxicity study carried out on “Tanopati” performed in mice (p.o.) showed that the recipe is not toxic (LD50˃2000 mg/kg B.W). These results support the safely use of “Tanopati” as a traditional medicine for the care of hypertension. The antioxidant properties are undoubtedly an additional benefit for the usage of “Tanopati” as an antihypertensive drug.
References
Anonyme, (2003). Hypertension artérielle et ses complications. Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire): Institut de Cardiologie d’Abidjan : 183
Anuka, J.A., Yaro, A.H., Wannang, N.N., Ezenwanne, E.B. & Yakasai, I.A.. 2005. Some in
vivo and in vitro studies of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus
(Euphorbiaceae) in laboratory animals. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 2(2):
– 99.
Beaufils M. (2005) HTA-INFO, Paris, Edition Imothep Medecine Sciences, 19 :16
Brown J.E., Khodr H., Hider R.C. &Rice-Evans C., 1998. Structural dependence of
flavonoïd interactions with Cu2+ions: implication for their antioxidant properties.
Biochem J, 330 : 1173-1178.
Chang Q, Zuo Z., Harrisson F., Chow M.S., 2002. Hawthorn. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 42:
- 612
Chen C.W. & Ho C.T., 1995. Antioxidant properties of polyphenols extracted from green tea
and black tea. J Lipids, 2 : 35-46.
Christ B, Poppinghaus T, Wirtz-Peitz F., 1978. Isolation and structural definition of a new
sennoside from Cassia senna L. Arzneimittelforschung.;28:225–31
Comoe K.C., Sess D., Guelain J., 1993 Etude de l’hypertension artérielle en milieu urbain de
Côte d’lvoire. Med. Trop, 53 (2): 173-179..
Cox, P.A., and Balick, M.J., 1994. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery. Sci. Am.
(6): 82–87
Delongeas J.L., Burnel D., Netter P., Grignon M.. Mur J.M., Roger R.J., Grlgnon G. (1983). Toxicité et pharmacoclnétique de
l'oxychlorure de Zirconium chez la souris et le chat.Journal of
Pharmacology,14 :437
Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. (2000).Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular
diseases.J Hypertens, 18:655-673.
Duke, J.A.( 1993). Medicinal plants and the pharmaceutical industry. In New Crops. Edited by J.
Janick and J.E. Simon. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NewYork, NY: 664–669.
.
Farnsworth N.R., 1996. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55: 225-276
Fearon IM and Faux S P., 2009. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: Novel tools give (free) radical insight.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 47:372-381.
Gilani, A.H., Rahman, A.U.,2005.Trends in ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100 : 43-49.
Han X, Shen T, Lou H,.2007. Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biological Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci.8(9): 950-988.
Hsu C.Y., Chan Y.P. & Chang J., 2007. Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygomum cuspidatum. Biol Res, 40: 13-21
Kamanyi A, Dkikeng A& Bopelet M., 1997.Contribution à la Phytothérapie - Les graines sèches de Momordica foetidaSchum.(Cucurbitacées) constituent une source potentielle des principes à effets anti-nidatoire et utérotonique. Revue Méd Pharm Afr, 12: 17-26.
Lal J, Gupta P.,1974. Two new anthraquinones from the seeds of Cassia occidentalis. Experientia. 30:850–1.
Marcus, D.M., Snodgrass, W.R., 2005. Do no harm: avoidance of herbal medicines during pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105: 1119-1122
McDonald, T.F., Pelzer, S., Trautwein, W., Pelzer, D.J.,1994. Regulation and modulation of calcium channels in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. Physiological Review, 74:365-507.
Meir S., Kanner J., Akiri B. & Hadar S.P.,1995. Determination and involment of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative systems of various senescing leaves. J Agric food chem, 43 : 1813-1817.
Morin E., 2008, Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. : Aspects pharmacologiques et cliniques,
Thèse, Université de Nantes, faculté de pharmacie, p274.
Morris C.J., Earl J.R., Trenam C.W.& Blake D.R., 1995. Reactive oxygen species and iron - a dangerous partnership in inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol,27 : 109-122
Myoung N.W., Song H.B.,Myung S.C.,2009. Hypolipidimic and body fat-flowing effects of Fatclean in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food and Chemical Toxicologiy.Vol:47: 2076-2082.
Nyunaï N, EH Abdennebi, J Bickii, AM Manguelle-Dicoum, N Njifutié., 2011. Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Ageratum Conyzoides Linn • West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug ResearchVol 27
Olounladé AP., 2005. Effets anthelminthiques des feuilles de Newbouldia laevis testées in vivo sur les nématodes gastro-intestinaux (Haemonchus contortus et Trichostrongylus colubriformis) chez les moutons Djallonké. DEA, Université de Lomé, Togo:.65.
Pak E., Esrason K.T., Wu V.H., 2004. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies: an emerging
dilemma. Progress in Transplantation, 14: 91-96.
Parejo I., Codina C ., Petraski c .,Kefalas P., 2000 . Evaluation of scavening activity assessed
by co (II)/EDTA-induced luminal chemilunescence and DDPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-
hydrazyl) free radical assay. J.Pharmacol. Toxicol. Method, 44: 507-512.
Prakash d., Upadhyay G., Brahma N. et Singh H.B., 2007. Singh antioxidant and free radicalscavenging activities of seeds and agri-wastes of some varieties of soybean; Food Chemistry ,104;: 783-790.
Patwardhan, B., 2005. Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100 : 50-52.
Powers SK, Lennon SL., 1999 .Analysis of cellular responses to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc. Vol.58:1025-1033.
Purwar C, Rai R, Srivastava N, Singh J., 2003 New flavonoid glycosides from Cassia occidentalis. Section B - organic chemistry including medicinal chemistry. Indian J
Chem.; 42:434–6.
Schnabel R and Blankenberg S., 2007.Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease: Successful
Translation From Bench to Bedside? Circulation, 116:1338-1340.
TORRES R. et al., 2006. Antioxidant activity of coumarins and flavonols from the resinous exudates of Haplopappus multifolius; Phytochemistry; Ed: ELSEVIER, 67: 984-987.
Touyz RM and Briones AM., 2011.Reactive oxygen species and vascular biology: implications in human hypertension Hypertension Research34:5-14.
West DB., York B., 1998. Dietary fat, genetic predisposition, and obesity: lessons from animal models. Am J ClinNutr.Vol. 67:505-512
Wong S. P., Leong L. P. et Koh J.H.W., 2006. Antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of
. selected plants; Food Chemistry, 99: 775–783
Yildirim A., Mavi a. et Kara A. A., 2001; Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts; Journal of Agricultural and Food
. Chemistry, 49: 411-420
Zeng W. & Wang S.Y., 2001. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J
Agric Food Chem, 49 : 5165-5170
