Toxicity Screening and Hypocholesterolemic Effect Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. in Hypercholesterolemic Induced Rabbits

Authors

  • Fazali Fazil Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Zulkhairi Amom Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Nurhaizan Mohd Esa Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Khairul Kamilah Abdul Kadir Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Zamri Md Shah Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Shahidan Sulaiman Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

Keywords:

Toxicity Screening, Hypocholesterolemic, Anacardium occidentale Linn.

Abstract

Previous findings have supported to the ethnopharmacological use of Anacardium occidentale Linn. in folk medicine. In this study, the toxicity properties and the hypocholesterolemic effect of aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. were evaluated in hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits. Thirty Five male New Zealand White Rabbits were randomly assigned into five groups and fed with normal diet (NC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet (PC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet+10 mg/kg simvastatin (SC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet+100 mg/kg AOE (AOE100) and 0.5% high cholesterol diet+200 mg/kg AOE (AOE200). The study duration was set for 12 weeks. In vitro toxicity study has been performed using brine shrimp lethality test and MTT assay to determine the LC50 and IC50 values respectively while in vivo toxicity study has been evaluated in hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits. Blood samples were withdrawn at week 0 and 12. Supplementation of 0.5% high cholesterol diet caused the elevation of TC, LDL and TG and also significantly rise (p<0.05) the level of liver enzymes compared to the normal control group. For in vitro toxicity screening, extracts demonstrated very low LC50 values and no IC50 value detected. For in vivo hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits, extracts were able to prevent the increment of liver enzymes: gammaglutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase compared to positive control group. Aqueous extract of AO found to be not toxic and posses hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects in hypercholesteromic induced rabbits.

References

Garjani A, Fathiazad F, Zakheri A, et al.

The effect of total extract of Securigera

securidaca L. seeds on serum lipid profiles,

antioxidant status, and vascular function in

hypercholesterolemic rats. J

Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126:525–532.

Konan NA and Bacchi EM. Antiulcerogenic

effect and acute toxicity of a hydroethanolic

extract from the cashew (Anacardium

occidentale L.) leaves. J Ethnopharmacol

(2007) 112:237–242

De La Lastra, Alcatron C, Martin MJ, et al.

Antiulcer and gastroprotective effects of

quercetin: a gross and histologic study.

Pharmacology. 1994;34:2477–2482.

Sniderman AD. Is there value in liver

function test and creatine phosphokinase

monitoring with statin use? Am J Cardiol.

;94:30F–34F.

Homolka J. Clinic Biochemistry. Prague.

:House SZN. pp 434.

Young TA, Tang HS, Lee HS, et al. Effects

of hyperglycemia on quantitative liver

functions by the galactose load in diabetic

rats. Metabolism. 2007;56:1265-1269.

Blahovec J and Slesarova L. Enzyme and

Clinic Enzymology. Slovak. 1991: ZENIT

Press. pp. 127.

Ogunkeye OO and Roluga AI. Serum

cholinesterase activity helps to distinguish

between liver disease and non-liver disease

aberration in liver function tests.

Pathophysiology. 2006;13:91–93.

Solis PN, Wright CW, Anderson MM, et al.

A microwell cytotoxicity assay using

Artemia salina (brine shrimp). Planta

Medica. 1993;59:250-252.

Chen XL, Zhang Q, Zhao R, Medford RM.

Superoxide H2O2 and iron are required for

TNF- induced MCP-1 gene expression in

endothelial cells: Role of Racl and NADPH

oxidase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.

;286:1001-1007.

Takahashi S, Abe T, Gotoh J, Fukuuchi Y.

Substrate-dependent of reduction of MTT:

A tetrazolium dye differs in cultured

astroglia and neurons. Neuchem. Int.

;40:441-448.

Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, et al.

Brine shrimp: A convenient general

bioassay for active plant constitiuents.

Planta Medica. 1982;45:31-34.

Mbwambo ZH, Moshi MJ, Masimba PJ, et

al. Antimicrobial acticity and brine shrimp

toxicity of extracts of Terminalia browni

roots and stem. BMC Complem Altern M.

;7:9-14.

Tedong L, Dzeufiet PDD, Dimo T, et al.

Acute and subchronic toxicity of

Anacardium occidentale Linn.

(Anacardiacea) leaves hexane extract in

mice. African Journal of Traditional,

Complementary and Alternative Medicines.

;4:140-147.

Prasad K. Hypocholesterolemic and

antiatherosclerotic effect of flax lignan

complex isolated from flaxseed.

Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:269-275.

Ishida F, Sato A, Iizuka Y, et al. Effects of

MK-733 (simvastatin), an inhibitor of 3-

hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

reductase, on intestinal acylcoenzyme A:

cholesterol acyltransferase activity in

rabbits. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta

(BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism.

;1004:117-123.

Corsini A, Bellosta S, Baetta R, et al. New

insights into the pharmacodynamic and

pharmacokinetic properties of statins.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

;84:413-428.

Bassumillik AK. Changes in serum lipid

profile in atherosclerotic rats on feeding

guava pulp and isabgol (Plantago ovata

Forsk.) powder. Pathophysiology.

;1:113-116.

Prasad K. Dietary flax seed in prevention of

hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis. 1997;132:69-76.

Mohamedein MM and Kummerow FA.

Cholesterol-rich diets have different effects

on lipid peroxidation, cholesterol oxides,

and antioxidant enzymes in rats and rabbits.

J Nutr Biochem. 2000;11:293-302.

Mathews CK, van Holde KE and Ahern

KG. Lipid metabolism 1: Fatty acids,

triacylglycerols and lipoproteins. In:

Biochemistry. Addison Wesley Longman.

;pp. 350-356.

Harrison D, Griendling K, Landmesser U,

et al. Role of oxidative stress in

atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:7A–

A.

Carr AC and Frei B. Toward a new

recommended dietary allowance for

Vitamin C based on antioxidant and health

effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr.

;69:1086–1107.

Demirdag K, Bakcecioglu IH, Ozercan IH,

et al. Role of L-carnitine in the prevention

of acute liver damage induced by carbon

tetrachloride in rats. J Gastroen Hepatol.

;19:333–338.

Lin SC, Yao CJ, Lin CC, et al.

Hepatoprotective activity of Taiwan folk

medicine: Eclipta prostrate Linn. against

various hapatotoxins induced acute

hepatotoxicity. Phototherapy Research.

;10:483–490.

Ram A, Lauria P, Gupta R, et al.

Hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia

arjuna tree bark. J Ethnopharmacol.

;55: 165-169.

Ochmanski W and Barabasz W Aluminiumoccurrence and toxicity for organisms.

Przeglad Lekarski. 2000;57:665–668.

Rahman MF, Siddiqui MK and Jamil K.

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in a

novel phosphorothionate (RPR-11) treated

male and female rats. Evidence of dose and

time-dependent response. Drug and

Chemical Toxicology. 2000;23:497–509.

Murata C, Watanabe T, Furuya H, et al.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and 3-

adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms:

Their association with elevated liver

enzymes and metabolic syndrome.

Metabolis. 2003;52:1096-1101.

Downloads

Published

30-06-2011

How to Cite

1.
Fazali Fazil, Zulkhairi Amom, Nurhaizan Mohd Esa, Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan, Khairul Kamilah Abdul Kadir, Zamri Md Shah, Shahidan Sulaiman. Toxicity Screening and Hypocholesterolemic Effect Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. in Hypercholesterolemic Induced Rabbits. ijp [Internet]. 2011 Jun. 30 [cited 2024 Dec. 6];3(2):192-7. Available from: https://ijp.arjournals.org/index.php/ijp/article/view/96

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles