Investigation of antioxidant properties of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal and influence of physico-chemical properties of soil along the topographic gradients in sub-tropical region of the Indian Himalaya
Keywords:
Withania somnifera, total phenolics, total flavonoids, In-vitro assays, Population, Soil propertiesAbstract
A high value medicinal plant W. somnifera L. Indian Ginseng; Ashwagandha investigated for the antioxidant and influence of physico-chemical properties of soil on antioxidant along the topographical gradients in Kullu Valley, North Western Indian Himalaya. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol extracts of fruits, leaves, stems and roots were quantified and their antioxidant activities were evaluated using the in-vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The study revealed that fruits, leaves, stems and roots of W. somnifera were potent source of natural phenolics and flavonoids and possesses antioxidant activities, which were significantly affected by the changes in altitude (p ≤0.05). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in different parts of W. somnifera showed significant correlations with soil properties. The study conclude that changes in topographical gradients particularly altitude influenced antioxidant activities of W. somnifera and suggest that antioxidant rich population of a desired medicinal plant should be identified for their conservation management and sustainable utilization in pharmaceutical and food industries.
References
. Sangwan RS, Chaurasiya ND, Misra LN, Lal P, Uniyal GC, Sharma R, Sangwan NS, Suri KA, Qazi GN, Tuli R. Phytochemical variability in commericial herbal products and preparations of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha). Curr Sci. 2004. 86:461-465.
. Bhoyar S, Mishra M, Gyan P, Naik K Pradeep, Srivastava RB. Estimation of antioxidant activity and total phenolics among natural populations of Capparis spinosa leaves collected from cold arid desert of trans-Himalayas. Aus J Crop Sci. 2011. 5-7:912-919.
. Carene Marie, N Picot, Hussein A, Subretty Fawzi, Mahomoodally M. Phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of six medicinal plants traditionally used in the management of Diabetes in Mauritius. J Phar. 2014. 42-49.
. Chizzola R, Michitsch H, Franz C. Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris leaves: Comparison of different extracts and essential oil chemotypes. J Agr & Foodchem. 2008. 56:6897-6904.
. Sharma RK, Samant SS, Sharma P, Devi S. Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Withania somnifera growing in natural habitats of north-west Himalaya, India. J Med Pla Res. 2012. 6-5:657-661.
. Raj KJ, Kumari Shalini. Flavonoids - A review of biological activities. J Ind Dru. 1999. 36:668-676.
. Londhe Jayant S, Devasagayam Thomas PA, Yeap Foo L, Ghaskadbi Saroj S. Antioxidant activity of some polyphenol constituents of the medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus L. Com Fre Rad Res. 2008.13:199-207.
. Mir BA, Khazir J, Mir NA, Hasan T, Koul S. Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng): an ayurvedic medicinal plant. Ind J Dru & Dis. 2012. 6:2278-2958.
. Sharma K, Dandiya PC. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: present status. Ind Dru. 1992. 29:247-25.
. Sehgal N, Gupta A, Valli RK, Joshi SD, Mills JT, Hamel E, Khanna P, Jain SC, Thakur SS, Ravindranath V. Withania somnifera reverses Alzheimer's disease pathology by enhancing low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in liver. Proceeding National Academic Science, U S A. 2012. 109-9:3510-3515.
. Kumar S, Harris RJ, Seal CJ, Okello EJ. An aqueous extract of Withania somnifera root inhibits amyloid beta fibril formation in- vitro. Phy Res. 2012a. 26-1:113-117.
. Sharma Nittala S, Lavie S. Chemistry and genetics of withanolides in Withania somnifera hybrids. Phytochem. 1988. 20:2741-2748.
. Djeridane A, Yousfi M, Nadjemi B, Boutassouna D, Stocker P, Vidal N. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Foodchem. 2006. 97:654-660.
. Gengaihi E Souad, Aboul Ella, Faten M, Emad SMH, Emad Shalaby, Doha H. Antioxidant activity of phenolics compounds from different Grape wastes. J Foo Pro Tech. 2014. 5:296.
. Hussain S, Fareed S, Ansari S, Rahman A, Ahmad IZ, Saeed M. Current approaches toward production of secondary plant metabolites. J Phar & Bio Sci. 2012. 4:10-20.
. Alam P, Gupta J, Firdouse S, Sultana A, Fathima N, Ummara U. HPTLC method for qualitative estimation of Withania Somnifera in polyherbal formulation. Int J Comp Phar. 2012:11: 03-2.
. Allison LE. Organic carbon, In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, WI; 1986. P. 1367.
. Olsen SR, Sommers LE. Phosphorus, In Methods of soil analysis, part 2 ed. A. L. Pag. et al. Madison Wisconsin: ASA and SSSA. 1982. 403-430.
. Wolfe K, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agr & Foodchem. 2003. 51:609-614.
. Ordon-Ez AAL, Gomez JD, Vattuone MA, Isla MI. Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swart extracts. Foodchem. 2006. 97:452-458.
. Pellegrini RReN, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice EC. Antioxidant Activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Fre Rad Bio Med. 1999. 26:1231-1237.
. Liyana-Pathiranan CM, Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by gastric pH conditions. J Agr & Foodchem. 2005. 53:2433-2440.
. Benzine FF, Strain JJ. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of antioxidant power, The FRAP assay. Ana Biochem. 1996. 239:70-76.
. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Physiological, biochemical and growth response of lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) plants as affected by Cd contaminated soil. Bul Env Cont & Toxico. 2010b. 84:765-770.
. Ibrahim HM, Jaafar HZ E. Impact of elevated carbon di oxide on primary, secondary metabolites and antioxidant responses of Eleais guineensis Jacq. (Oil Palm) seedlings. Mol. 2012.17:5195-5211.
. Ryan D, Antolovich M, Prenzler P, Robards K, Lavee S. Biotransformation of phenolic compounds in Olea europaea L. Sci Horti. 2002. 92:147-176.
. Shinde AN, Malpathak N, Fulzele DP. Determination of isoflavone and antioxidant activities in Psoralea corylifolia L. callus cultures. Foo. Chem. 2010. 118: 128-132
. Kandil FE, Elsayeh NH, Abou-Douh AM, Ishak MS, Mabry TJ. Flavonol glycosides and phenolics from Withania somnifera. Phytochem.1994. 37:1215-1216.
. Rawat S, Jugran A, Giri L, Bhatt ID, Rawal RS. Assessment of antioxidant properties in fruits of Myrica esculenta A popular wild edible species in Indian Himalayan Region. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011. P. 8.
. Siddiqui SZ, Abbasi MA, Rehman A, Riaz T, Shahzadi T, Ajaib M, Khan KM. Olea Ferrugenia, a potential natural source of protection from oxidative stress. J Med Pla Res. 2011. 5-17:4080-4086.
. Moure A, Franco D, Sineiro J, Dominguez H, Nunez MJ, Lema JM. Evaluation of extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants. J Agr & Foodchem. 2000. 48:3890-3897.
. Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Physiological and biochemical responses resulting from Cd and Zn accumulation in carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants. J Pla Nut. 2010a. 33-7:1066-1079.
