Anticariogenic potential of Potentilla fulgens extract and its chemical constituents
Keywords:
Potentilla fuglens, Streptococcus mutans, Anticariogenic, Dimeric flavan-3-ols, Time-kill study, Biofilm inhibitionAbstract
Streptococci and Lactobacilli are the most common bacteria causing dental caries. Potentilla fuglens, native of north-east India is used by tribal people to cure teeth and gum problems. Based on its ethomedical use, its anticariogenic potential was evaluated. The crude methanol extract was found to have good anticariogenic potential. Epigallocatechingallate (4) was found to the most effective inhibitor against the tested bacterial strains. Epiafzelechin (4β→8) epicatechin (8) also demonstrated comparatively better activity than other dimeric compounds (MIC of 1.56, 3.12 and 3.12 μg/mL against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, respectively). Time-kill studies and biofilm formation inhibition assays showed molecule 8 to be comparable to compound 4 in terms of antibacterial action. The results suggest that these compounds and Potentilla extracts could be employed as natural antibacterial agents in oral health care products.
References
Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB: Dental caries. Lancet 2007, 369:51–59.
Kidd EAM, Fejerskov O: What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res 2004, 83, C35-8.
Paula VAC, Modesto A, Santos KRN, Gleiser R: Antimicrobial effects of the combination of chlorhexidine and xylitol. Br Dent J 2010, 209:E19.
Ferrazzano GF, Amato I, Ingenito A, De Natale A, Pollio A: Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa, coffee, tea). Fitoterapia 2009:255–262.
Ferrazzano GF, Amato I, Ingenito A, Zarrelli A, Pinto G, Pollio A: Plant polyphenols and their anti-cariogenic properties: A review. Molecules 2011:1486–1507.
Xu X, Zhou XD, Wu CD: The tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55:1229–1236.
Sato M, Fujiwara S, Tsuchiya H, Fujii T, Iinuma M, Tosa H, Ohkawa Y: Flavones with antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1996, 54:171–176.
Sato M, Tanaka H, Fujiwara S, Hirata M, Yamaguchi R, Etoh H, Tokuda C: Antibacterial property of isoflavonoids isolated from Erythrina variegata against cariogenic oral bacteria. Phytomedicine 2003, 10:427–433.
Muroi H, Kubo I: Combination effects of antibacterial compounds in green tea flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J Agric Food Chem 1993, 41:1102–1105.
Tomczyk M, Latté KP: Potentilla-A review of its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J Ethnopharmacol 2009:184–204.
Jaitak V, Kaul VK, Himlata, Kumar N, Singh B, Dhar J, Sharma OP: New hopane triterpenes and antioxidant constituents from Potentilla fulgens. Nat Prod Commun 2010, 5:1561–6.
Jaitak V, Sharma K, Kalia K, Kumar N, H.P.Singh, Kaul VK, Singh B: Antioxidant activity of Potentilla fulgens: An alpine plant of western Himalaya. J Food Compos Anal 2010, 23:142–147.
Tomczyk M, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M: In vitro anticariogenic effects of aerial parts of Potentilla recta and its phytochemical profile. Phyther Res 2011, 25:343–350.
Laloo D, Prasad SK, Krishnamurthy S, Hemalatha S: Gastroprotective activity of ethanolic root extract of Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Hook. J Ethnopharmacol 2013, 146:505–514.
Bhattarai NK: Folk medicinal use of plants for respiratory complaints in central Nepal. Fitoterapia 1993:163–169.
Syiem D and Majaw S: Effect of Potentilla Fulgens L. Methanolic extract on sorbitol dehydrogenase in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharmacologyonline 2010, 2:671–680.
Radhika M, Ghoshal N, Chatterjee A: Comparison of effectiveness in antitumor activity between flavonoids and polyphenols of the methanolic extract of roots of Potentilla fulgens in breast cancer cells. J Complement Integr Med 2012, 9:Article 24.
Choudhary A, Mittal AK, Radhika M, Tripathy D, Chatterjee A, Banerjee UC, Singh IP: Two new stereoisomeric antioxidant triterpenes from Potentilla fulgens. Fitoterapia 2013, 91:290–297.
Choudhary A, Radhika M, Chatterjee A, Banerjee UC, Singh IP: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Potentilla fulgens roots by NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation with time-of-flight MS, electrospray ionisation MS/MS and HPLC/UV. Phytochem Anal 2015, 26:161–70.
Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock REW: Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat protoc 2008, 3:163–175.
Bennett J V, Brodie JL, Benner EJ, Kirby WM: Simplified, accurate method for antibiotic assay of clinical specimens. Appl Microbiol 1966, 14:170–177.
Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ: In vitro antibacterial and time-kill assessment of crude methanolic stem bark extract of Acacia mearnsii de wild against bacteria in shigellosis. Molecules 2012, 17:2103–2118.
Smullen J, Koutsou GA, Foster HA, Zumbé A, Storey DM: The antibacterial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res 2007, 41:342–349.
Pankey G a, Sabath LD: Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:864–870.
Yano A, Kikuchi S, Takahashi T, Kohama K, Yoshida Y: Inhibitory effects of the phenolic fraction from the pomace of Vitis coignetiae on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 2012, 57:711–9.
Ahn S-J, Ahn S-J, Wen ZT, Brady LJ, Burne RA: Characteristics of biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva. Infect Immun 2008, 76:4259–68.
Taylor PW, Hamilton-Miller JMT, Stapleton PD: Antimicrobial properties of green tea catechins. Food Sci Technol Bull 2005, 2:71–81.
Arakawa H, Maeda M, Okubo S, Shimamura T: Role of hydrogen peroxide in bactericidal action of catechin. Biol Pharm Bull 2004, 27:277–281.
Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ: Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2005:343–356.
Caturla N, Vera-Samper E, Villalaín J, Mateo CR, Micol V: The relationship between the antioxidant and the antibacterial properties of galloylated catechins and the structure of phospholipid model membranes. Free Radic Biol Med 2003, 34:648–662.
