Xanthium strumerium L.: An Ethnomedicinal and Phytochemical Review
Keywords:
Ethnomedicine, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Toxicity, Xanthium strumeriumAbstract
Xanthium strumerium L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as “Cocklebur” is an annual herb of wastelands found in North America, Brazil, China, Malaysia and India. It has been traditionally used for its cooling, fattening, anthelmintic, digestive, and antipyretic activities. Different plant parts are predominantly used for curing malarial fever, asthma, rheumatism, leprosy, migraine, small pox and cancer. Leaves of the plant are used for the treatment of eczema, roots against high fever and fruits to treat conjunctivitis. It is also used to cure leucoderma, epilepsy, salivation, congestive heart diseases, nephritis, toxemia of pregnancy, hypertension, premenstrual tension and poisonous bites of insects. Seeds yields edible oil which is used in bladder infection. Based on ethnobotanical information it is found that plants used in folk medicine are rich in bioactive molecules. The review reveals that phytochemical constituents of wide variety have been isolated. Phytoconstituents like anthraquinone, cardenolide, leucoanthocyanin, simple phenolics (catechol) and triterpenoids were reported. Many phytocompounds like caffeic acid, isoxanthanol, xanthanol, xanthiazone, xanthanin, xanthatin etc. were isolated from the plant and proven to be biologically active. The need for review of the plant species was predominantly to answer the gaps between ethnomedicinal uses and phytochemical studies. Hence, the present review article explores the ethnomedicinal uses and phytochemistry of X. strumerium, which upon further research could lead to development of viable drugs for the treatment of variety of ailments. However, there is further need for toxicity and clinical trials on crude extract and isolated phytoconstituents which will help to commercialize.
References
. Pei SJ. Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharm Biol. 2001; 39: 74-79.
. Pandey DP, Rather MA. Isolation and identification of phytochemicals from Xanthium strumerium. Int J ChemTech Res. 2012; 4(1): 266-271.
. Caius JF. Medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India; 1986 .p. 375-376.
. Holm LG, Plunkentt DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP. The world’s worst weeds. East-west centre book. Uni. Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 1977. p . 609.
. Ray PM, Alexander WE. Phototropic adaptation to latitude in Xanthium strumerium. Am J Bot. 1966; 53: 806-816.
. Kamboj A, Saluja AK. Phytopharmecological revew of Xanthium Strumerium L. (Cocklebur). Int J Green Pharm. 2014; 4(3): 129-139.
. Umer F, Waseem B, Muzaffar R, Tripathi J, Tharani M, Sharma M. A comparative study of phytochemical investigation of Xanthium strumarium medicinal plant. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2014; 4(1): 96-100.
. Talakal TS, Dwivedi SK, Sharma SR. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of Xanthium strumerium leaves.J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 49: 141-145.
. Tsankova ET, Trendafilova AB, Kujumgiev AI, Galabov AS, Robeva PR. Xanthanolides of Xanthium italicum and their biological activity. Naturforsch 1994; 49: 154-155.
. Joshi SP, Rojatkar SR, Nagasampagi, BA Antimalarial activity of Xanthium strumarium. J Med Arom Plant Sci. 1997; 19: 366-368.
. Ginesta-Peris E, Garcia-Breijo FJ, Primo-Yufera E. Antimicrobial activity of xanthatin from Xanthium spinosum L. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1994; 18: 206-208.
. Kinghorn AD, Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD. Cordell GA, Pezzuto JM, Udeani GO. Novel strategies for the discovery of plant derived anticancer agents. Pure Appl Chem.1999; 71: 1611-1618.
. Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Khan A, Zakhiullah Nasir F, Khan S. Validation of some of the ethnopharmacological uses of Xanthium strumerium and Duchesnea indica. Pak J Bot. 2012; 44(4): 1199-1201.
. Favier LS, Maria AOM, Wendel GH, Borkowski EJ, Giordano OS, Pelzer L, Tonn CE. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of xanthanolide sesquiterpenes from Xanthium cavanillesii in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100: 260-67.
. Sharma SR. et al. Anthelmintic activity of Xanthium strumarium against Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Ind J Animal Sci. 2003; 73: 342-4.
. Kim IT, Park YM, Won JH, Jung HJ, Park HJ, Choi TW, Lee KT. Methanol extract of Xanthium strumarium L. possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005; 28: 94-100.
Yadava RN, Jharbade J. Novel biologically active triterpenoid saponin from the leaves of Xanthium strumerium Linn. Asi J Chem. 2007; 19: 1224-30.
. Lavault M, Landreau A, Larcher G, Bouchara J, Pagniez F, Le PP, Richomme P. Antileishmanial and antifungal activities of xanthanolides isolated from Xanthium macrocarpum. Fitoterapia 2005; 76: 363-66.
. Hsu FL, Chen YC, Cheng JT. Caffeic acid as active principle from the fruit of Xanthium strumerium to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Plant Med. 2000; 66: 228-30.
. KimYS, Kim JS, Park SH, Choi SV, Lee CO. Two cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Xanthium strumarium and their in vitro inhibitory activity on farnesyltransferase. Plant Med. 2003; 69: 375-77.
. Mandal CS, Dhara AK, Kumar CK, Maiti BC. Neuropharmacological activity of Xanthium strumarium Linn. extract. J Herbs, Spices Med Plants 2001; 8: 69-77.
. Sharma R. Medicinal Plants of India, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, India, 2003. p. 5.
. Yadav SS, Bhandoria MS. Ethnobotanical exploration in Mahendergarh district of Haryana (India). J Med Plants Res. 2013; 7 (18): 1263-1271.
. Acharya and Pokhrel. Ethnomedicinal plant used by Bantar of Bhaudaha, Morang Nepal. Our Nature 2006; 4:96-103.
. Sardar AA, Khan ZUD. Ethnomedicinal studies on plant resources of tehsil Shakargarh, district Narowal, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2009; 41(1): 11-18.
. Moerman D. Native American Ethnobotany. Oregon: Timber Press. 1998. p. 927.
. Kumar KKS, Rajkpoor B. Effect of Xanthium strumarium L. Extracts on antioxidant enzymes levels in rat brain after Induction of epilepsy. Pharmacol. 2010; 2: 883-888.
. Anju K, Ajay KS. Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumerium L. (Cocklebur). Int J Green Pharm. 2010; 4:129-139.
. Sravani P, Mohana LS, Saravana KA. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Xanthium strumarium L. Int J Preclin Pharm Res. 2010; 1 (1): 31-34.
. Hasan T, Das BK, Qibria T, Morshed MA, Uddin MA. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of analgesic activity of Xanthium srtumarium L. Asi J Biochem Pharm Res. 2011; 3 (1): 455-463.
. Yadav RNS, Agarwala M. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. J Phytol. 2011; 3(12): 10-14.
. Bhogaonkar PY, Ahmad SA. Pharmacognostic studies on Xanthium Strumarium L -A folk unani medicinal herb. Biosci Discov. 2012; 3(1):101-106.
. Alberto JM, Juan F Sanz-Cervera, Julia C, Miguel C, Jasmin J. Xanthanolides from Xanthium: Absolute configuration of xanthanol, isoxanthanol and their C-4 epimers. Phytochem. 1993; 34(6):1569-1576.
. Qin L, Han T, Li H, Zhang Q, Zheng H. A new thiazinedione from Xanthium strumarium. Fitoterapia 2006; 77(3): 245-46.
. Minato H, Horibe I. Studies on sesquiterpenoids part XI, structure and stereochemistry of Xanthumin, a stereoisomer of Xanthinin. J Chem Soc 1965; 7009-17.
. Winters TE, Geissman TA, Safir D. Sesquiterpene lactones of Xanthium species xanthanol and isoxanthanol and correlation of xanthinin with invalibin. J Org Chem. 1969; 34: 153.
. Molina-Torres J, Martinez ML. Tocopherols and leaf age in Xanthium Strumarium L. New Phytol. 1991; 118: 95-96.
. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India; 1986. p. 259.
. Cole RJ, Stuart BP, Lansden JA, Cox RH. Isolation and redefinition of the toxic agent from cocklebur Xanthium strumarium. J Agric Food Chem. 1980; 28:1330-2.
. Habibi Z, Laleh A, Masoudi S, Rustaiyan A. Composition of essential oil of Xanthium sps. from Iran. J Essential Oil Res. 2004; 16: 31-32.
. Martin T, Stair EL, Dawson L. Cocklebur poisoning in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 189: 562-63.
. Yokoe H, Yoshida M, Shishido K. Total synthesis of (–)-xanthatin. Tetrahedron Lett. 2008; 49: 3504–6.
. Hatch RC, Jain AV, Weiss R, Clark JD. Toxicological study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursors and depletor. Am J Vet Res. 1982; 43: 111-6.
. Witie ST, Osweiler GD, Stahr HM, Mobley G. Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1990; 2: 2 63-67.
. Dharmananda S. Safety issues affecting Chinese herbs: The case of Xanthium. Institute for Traditional Medicine- European Branch 2003; 1:1-8.
. Menz J, Winkelmann RK. Sensitivity to wild vegetation. Contact Dermatitis 1987; 16: 169-73.
. Mondal AK, Parui S, Mandal S. Analysis of the free amino acid content in pollen of nine Asteraceae species of known allergenic activity. Ann Agric Environ Med 1998; 5: 17-20.
